This presentation will focus on the important water management systems of the Indus Civilization and the legacy of this culture to later traditions in South Asia. The Indus Civilization of Pakistan and Western India has evidence for the earliest urban centers dating to between 2600-1900 BCE. All Indus cities and many of the smaller towns and villages were built near major rivers in order to have access to reliable sources of water for their large populations. Building cities near to rivers also required special measures to protect the cities from flooding, through the location of cities on higher ground and surrounding them with massive mud-brick walls to protect them from floods. In addition to river water, many cities and towns have evidence for wells lined with fired brick or stone. Some of the wells were associated with bathing platforms and latrines, with sewage disposal drains to take the waste water away from the houses and out of the settlement. The drains from individual households were connected with larger drains on the streets and eventually emptied out into the surrounding fields or plains. The major cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in Pakistan, and the cities of Dholavira and Rakhigarhi in India were well laid out with north-south and east-west streets, that also has major drains and sump pits for the channeling and disposal of sewage water. In most cities the drains were made with fired bricks, but in Dholavira they were made using locally abundant stone. Some cities like Dholavira and Lothal had special brick or stone lined reservoirs for collecting water from rivers during the rainy season. These reservoirs were necessary for providing water to the urban inhabitants throughout the year. The highly developed system of water management of the Indus cities set the foundation for later water management systems that continued to be practiced in cities of the Early Historical Period (600 BCE to 400 CE) such as at Taxila and Sringaverpura as well as in many other settlements throughout the Indus Valley, the Gangetic Plains and in Peninsular India.

讲座将主要关注印度河文明中十分重要的水资源管理系统，以及这种文化对后来的南亚传统所产生的影响。位于今巴基斯坦和印度西部的印度河文明在公元前2600-公元前1900年间已经出现了最早的城市中心。为了便于获取大量人口所需的可靠的水资源，所有印度流域的城市和许多的村镇都建在主要河流边。而造在河流边的城市需要一些特别的措施以保证它们免受洪水的侵袭，如在高处选址或在城市周围建造厚重的土砖墙。除了直接利用河水外，有证据显示很多城镇用砖石搭造了水井。一些水井与浴室和厕所相连，并通过排水沟将废水排出房屋。独立房屋的排水沟与街道上更大的排水沟相连，最终将废水排放到城镇的外围地区。像巴基斯坦的摩亨佐-达罗和哈拉帕、印度的朵拉维那和拉齐噶里这样的主要的城市中都分布着南北向和东西向的街道，这些街道配备有主排水沟以疏导和排放废水。在大多数城市中，排水沟主要由焙烧过的土坯砖搭建。但在朵拉维那，人们则使用当地丰富的石料建造。一些城市，如朵拉维那和洛塔，人们利用特殊的砖石建造蓄水池以便在雨季时从河流中收集水。这些蓄水池将为城市居民提供全年所需的用水。印度河流域城市高度发达的水资源管理系统为后世的发展奠定了基础，历史时期早期（公元前600-公元前400年）的城市，比如塔克西拉等，以及其它许多印度河流域、恒河平原和印度半岛的定居点都沿用了水资源管理系统。

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Professor in Anthropology, has been teaching archaeology and ancient technology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison since 1985. He has worked on excavations and ethnoarchaeological studies in both Pakistan and India since 1975. He has served as Field Director and Co-Director of the Harappa Archaeological Research Project since 1986. He has a special interest in ancient technologies and crafts, socio-economic and political organization as well as religion. These interests have led him to study a broad range of cultural periods in South Asia as well as other regions of the world, including China, Japan, Korea, Oman, and West Asia in general. His work has been featured in the National Geographic Magazine and Scientific American and on the website www.harappa.com. He is the author of numerous books and edited volumes on the archaeology of South Asia and the Indus civilization. He has published 4 monographs two edited volumes with more in process, over 62 influential journal articles, had over 79 articles appear in edited volumes, 12 encyclopedia entries and 19 book reviews on works relating to South Asian topics. He had helped curate major exhibitions on the Indus Civilization as well as textiles and experimental archaeological exhibits.

乔纳森·马克·基诺耶教授从1985年起在威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校人类学系教授考古学古代技术。自1975年起，他在巴基斯坦和印度开展发掘和民族考古学研究的工作。1986年起，他担任哈拉帕考古研究计划的田野领队和联合主管。主要的研究兴趣为古代科技和手工业、社会经济和政治组织，以及宗教。这些研究兴趣使他关注南亚各个文化时期以及世界其他地区，如中国、日本、韩国、阿曼以及西亚地区等。他的作品被刊载在《国家地理》、《科学美国人》杂志以及相关网站中。他同时撰写了多本有关南亚和印度河文明的考古学著作。已经出版4部专著，超过63篇有影响力的期刊文章，79篇被论文集收录的文章，12个百科全书词条和19篇有关南亚工作的书评。他还曾协助策划印度河文化的展览以及丝织品和实验考古的展览。